At age 1, fathers reported on their own involvement with their children via a series of 5 items. Fathers were asked how often during a typical week they participated in activities with their children such as “Play games like “peek-a-boo” or “gotcha” with [child],” “Put [child] to bed,” and “Hug or show physical affection to [child];” responses for all items ranged from 0–7 days per week. These five items had a Cronbach’s alpha in the present sample of .90, and a measurement model tested in SEM showed good fit to the data (? 2 = , p < .05; CFI = .99; RMSEA = .066), with all items loading onto the latent factor with values greater than .6.
Father-son matchmaking quality
Children responded to five items asking “Does your dad talk over important decisions with you?”, “Does your dad listen to your side of an argument?”, and “How close to you feel to your dad?” Responses could range from 0 (Never/Not very close) to 3 (Always/Extremely close). Responses were coded such that higher values represented better father-child relationships. Cronbach’s alpha for the current sample was .90, and a measurement model tested in SEM showed good fit to the data, ? 2 (5) = , p < .05; CFI = .99; RMSEA = .077, with all items loading onto the latent factor with values greater than .6.
Dad resident standing
Father citizen standing over time was used due to the fact a good moderator and you will is actually analyzed in two suggests (checked out during the separate models). Earliest, i calculated a beneficial dummy coded changeable that conveyed if fathers was constantly nonresident rather than had existed with their man (0), otherwise stated living using their child will ultimately when you look at the kid’s first 9 many years (Birth, ages step one, age step three, ages 5, otherwise many years nine). Second, we determined about three groups representing fathers who had been continuously citizen in the every swells (2), who had been resident for around onetime area however all time factors (1), otherwise who had been constantly nonresident across the swells (3).
Analyses
Analyses was in fact used using structural formula modeling inside the AMOS 20 and forgotten research was basically estimated thru FIML. Study mainly was basically shed if the a dad wasn’t included in a specific wave of information collection. In the Wave step one (birth), dos,402 dads were interviewed (81%) as well as boy many years 1 year, 2,207 dads was in fact questioned (74%); of your own dos,207 fathers questioned in the decades one year, 151 (5%) wasn’t interviewed in the delivery. Only son investigation were used within years 9, and household was in fact only included in the present data in the event the its children had been questioned on years 9. Regardless of the somewhat large amounts of shed study, we chose to become such professionals and you can estimate destroyed analysis as an alternative than simply remove their inclusion regarding the research completely due 
to missingness at the one of many three surf, eg because of the large-quality rates delivered playing with FIML.
A design try projected you to definitely associated fathers’ connection with the PGF during the young people together with his connection with the latest PGF at many years 1, one another PGF variables which have fathers’ connections to their college students at many years step 1, and all three parameters with kid’s declaration out of dad-child relationships top quality during the years nine, when you are dealing with to own dad years, training, race/ethnicity, and household income (find Shape 1 ). Several categories of multi-class analyses after that had been held in the SEM to check if or not activities predicting father-man dating top quality was basically equivalent to possess constantly resident, consistently nonresident, and frequently resident fathers. Model fit is examined playing with chi-square, CFI, and you can RMSEA thinking; improvement in design fit for multi-class analyses was assessed having fun with improvement in chi-square beliefs.