Finding autism’s culprit

In a recent report in Environmental Health News, UC Davis researchers have concluded that California’s sevenfold increase in autism cannot be explained by changes in doctors’ diagnoses and most likely is due to environmental exposures. The scientists who authored the new study advocate a nationwide shift in autism research to focus on potential factors in the environment that babies and fetuses are exposed to, including pesticides, viruses and chemicals in household products.

“It’s time to start looking for the environmental culprits responsible for the remarkable increase in the rate of autism in California,” said Irva Hertz-Picciotto, an epidemiology professor at University of California, Davis who led the study.

Throughout the nation, the numbers of autistic children have increased dramatically over the past 15 years. Autistic children have problems communicating and interacting socially; the symptoms usually are evident by the time the child is a toddler.

More than 3,000 new cases of autism were reported in California in 2006, compared with 205 in 1990. In 1990, 6.2 of every 10,000 children born in the state were diagnosed with autism by the age of five, compared with 42.5 in 10,000 born in 2001, according to the study. The numbers have continued to rise since then. This is a threatening trend in our state.

“I think there’s a real concern that there’s been a change in our environment,” said Dr. Carol Berkowitz, president of the American Academy of Pediatrics. “An exposure to some toxins, chemicals, environmental factors – either when a mother is pregnant or after the delivery of the child – that has led to autism.”

The surge in autism is similar to the rise in childhood asthma, which has reached epidemic proportions for unexplained reasons. Medical officials originally thought that, too, might be due to increased reporting of the disease, but now they acknowledge that many more children are asthmatic than in the past. Experts suspect that environmental pollutants or immune changes could be responsible.

Autism has serious effects, not just on an individual child’s health but on national education, health care and the U.S. economy. “Autism incidence in California shows no sign yet of plateauing,” Hertz-Picciotto and Delwiche said in their study.

To nail down the causes, scientists must unravel a mystery: What in the environment has changed since the early 1990s that could account for such an enormous rise in the brain disorder? For years, many medical officials have suspected that the trend is artificial and due to changes in diagnoses or migration patterns rather than a real rise in the disorder. But the new study concludes that those factors cannot explain most of the increase in autism.

The researchers analyzed 17 years of state data that tracks developmental disabilities and used birth records and Census Bureau data to calculate the rate of autism and age of diagnosis. The results: Migration to the state had no effect. And changes in how and when doctors diagnose the disorder and when state officials report it can explain less than half of the increase. The California researchers concluded that doctors are diagnosing autism at a younger age because of increased awareness. But that change is responsible for only about a 24 percent increase in children reported to be autistic by the age. Also, a shift in doctors diagnosing milder cases explains another 56 percent increase. And changes in state reporting of the disorder could account for around a 120 percent increase.

Combined, Hertz-Picciotto said those factors “don’t get us close” to the 600-700 percent increase in diagnosed cases.That means the rest is unexplained and likely caused by something that pregnant women or infants are exposed to, or a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

“There’s genetics and there’s environment. And genetics don’t change in such short periods of time,” said Hertz-Picciotto. Many researchers have theorized that a pregnant woman’s exposure to chemical pollutants, particularly metals and pesticides, could be altering a developing baby’s brain structure, triggering autism.

Many parent groups believe that childhood vaccines are responsible because they contained thimerosal, a mercury compound used as a preservative. But thimerosal was removed from most vaccines in 1999, and autism rates are still rising. Dozens of chemicals in the environment are neurodevelopmental toxins, which means they alter how the brain grows. Mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, lead, brominated flame retardants and pesticides are examples. While exposure to some – such as PCBs – has declined in recent decades, others – including flame retardants used in furniture and electronics, and pyrethroid insecticides – have increased.

“If we’re going to stop the rise in autism in California, we need to keep these studies going and expand them to the extent possible,” Hertz-Picciotto said. Funding for studying genetic causes of autism is 10 to 20 times higher than funding for environmental causes. “It’s very off-balance,” she said. Weiss agreed, saying that, “Excessive emphasis has been placed on genetics as a cause.” The advances in molecular genetics have tended to obscure the principle that genes are always acting in and on a particular environment. “This report, I think, will restore some balance to our thinking,” he said.

Ben Eckold is a business senior, the president of the Empower Poly Coalition and a Mustang Daily columnist.