Small Adaptation RS-14
When shopping for a good and you will good software, just you’ll need for some other populations plus the spot where the advised factor structure shall be verified, a couple of biggest requires was indeed into the desire. “The new RS-fourteen shows the newest brevity, readability, and you will simple rating which were identified as essential features when deciding on instruments for use with teenagers” (Pritzker and you can Minter, 2014, p. 332). The fresh RS-fourteen “will also provide information on the fresh new pattern and you can reputation out of strength using an acquireable measure of resilience which often usually allow evaluations having previous and you will upcoming browse,” and therefore “gives supporting facts that it is a good psychometrically voice scale to assess private resilience inside age groups regarding adolescents and you may young adults” (Wagnild, 2009a; Pritzker and you can Minter, 2014).
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Finding a lot more economic variation of your own Strength Size, decreasing completion go out, and making even more especially for use that have teenagers, Wagnild (2009a) modified brand new RS-twenty-five to14 circumstances. The latest temporary “RS-fourteen level include 14 self-report activities measured collectively a great 7-section rating level anywhere between ‘1-highly disagree’ to help you ‘7-firmly agree.’ Highest ratings was an indication out-of strength level. With regards to the article writers, ratings is calculated by a summary out-of impulse philosophy each goods, hence enabling score so you can are priced between fourteen in order to 98.” Scores less than 65 suggest reduced resilience; between 65 and you will 81 inform you reasonable strength; above 81 is translated due to the fact large levels of resilience (Wagnild and Younger, 1993; Wagnild, 2009b, 2014).
Using principal components analyses supported a single-factor solution; remaining in the RS-14 scale were those items with all item factor loadings >0.40. Reported psychometric properties of the RS-14 have demonstrated sound psychometric properties comparable to those of the RS-25: evidence of a one-factor structure was found and high reliability (coefficient Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90 and greater 0.96) and a strong correlation with the full version (r = 0.97, p = 0.001) were obtained (Wagnild, 2014). The overall factorability of the RS-14 demonstrated a robust one-factor measure of resilience, which 
has been replicated and has been confirmed in different studies and in the adaptations of this version for different countries (Wagnild, 2014). For instance: German ? = 0.91 (Schumacher et al., 2005); Portugal ? = 0.82 (Oliveira et al., 2015); Finland ? = 0.87 (Losoi et al., 2013); Japan ? = 0.88 (Nishi et al., 2010); China ? = 0.92 (Tian and Hong, 2013); Korean ? = 0.90 (Kwon and Kwon, 2014); Spain ? = 0.79 (Heilemann et al., 2003); Italian ? = 0.88 (Callegari et al., 2016); and Greek ? = 0.89 (Ntountoulaki et al., 2017). (2012) “examined the measurement invariance of the RS?14 in samples of U.S., Chinese, and Taiwanese college students and supported a one-factor model that demonstrated scalar invariance across cultures” (Yang et al., 2012). The short version RS-14 has been tested regarding its structure and it was found that results are not always totally consistent. Some discrepancies exist between findings of different studies; for instance the Brazilian version with 13 items (Damasio et al., 2011) or 12 items in the Portuguese adaptation for adolescents (Oliveira et al., 2015), and in the German Version 11 items (Schumacher et al., 2005). These discrepancies can eventually result from sampling issues: some studies used participants from very different developmental phases (Damasio et al., 2011), and others used participants <13 years old, an option that is not appropriate given that the authors of the RS advise against the use of the scale with participants from earlier ages (Wagnild, 2009b; Pritzker and Minter, 2014).